INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY

· Anatomy is the scientific study of structure and organization of living organisms.

· The term anatomy is derived from greek word ‘Anatome’ which means cut off.

· The main purpose of anatomy is to understand the structure of the body, including tissue, organs and system to gain knowledge about their relationship and function.

DIVISION OF ANATOMY

The main subdivision of anatomy is:

1. Cadaveric anatomy: It is the study of dead embalmed (preserved) bodies usually with necked eyes.

· This can be done by two approaches

a. Regional anatomy: In regional anatomy the body is studied in part like upper limb, lower limb, abdomen, thorax, head, neck and brain.

b. Systemic anatomy: In this the body is studied in system like

• Skeletal system- osteology

• Muscular system- myology

• Vascular system- angiology

• Nervous system- neurology

• Respiratory, digestive, urogenital and endocrine system- splanchnology

2. Living anatomy: it is studied by palpation, inspection, endoscopy.

3. Embryology (developmental anatomy): Is the study of prenatal development in an individual.

4. Histology: is the study of structure with the aid of microscope.

5. Surface anatomy: Is the study of deeper part of the body relation with skin surface.

6. Radiography and imaging anatomy: Is the study of bone and deeper organ with the help of plan and contrast radiograph by ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) scan.

7. Genetic: Deal with the study of information present in the chromosomes.

TYPES OF ANATOMY

· Anatomy play a fundamental role in understanding the form and function of organism.

1. Gross anatomy:

· It deal with the study of structure that are visible through necked eyes.

· It include regions such as-

• Head

• Neck

• Thorax

• Abdomen

· Gross anatomy further subdivide into several subdivision such as.

a. Regional anatomy: study of specific region of the body.

b. Systemic anatomy: study of individual organ system.

c. Surface anatomy: study of anatomical structure visible on the body.

2. Microscopic anatomy:

· Microscopic anatomy include the study of structure that cannot be seen with the necked eyes.

· It include two subdivision –

a. Histology: focus on examination of tissue.

b. Cytology: study of individual cell & their internal structure.

3. System of the body:

· The human body can be divide into various organ system that work together to maintain homeostasis and carry out specific function

· The major system include-

a. Skeletal system: it provide support, protection and movement through bone and cartilage.

b. Muscular system: enable movement & generate force through muscles.

c. Nervous system: control and coordination body function through the brain spinal cord and nerves.

d. Circulatory system: transport oxygen, nutrient, hormones and waste products through blood vessels and blood.

e. Respiratory system: exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment through the lungs and airway.

f. Digestive system: breakdown food and absorbs nutrients through the mouth oesophagus, stomach, intestine and associated organs.

g. Endocrine system: regulate body function through hormones produced by gland such as pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland.

h. Reproductive system: it include testes and ovaries.

i. Urinary system: filter blood, regulate fluid balance, excreate waste product.

4. Development anatomy:

· Development anatomy examines the structural changes that occur throughout an organism life cycle, from fertilization to adulthood.

· It involve and compartment anatomy.

5. Pathological anatomy:

· Also known as anatomical pathology or histopathology.

· Investigate the structural changes that occur in disease tissue and organ.

· It play a crucial role in diagnosis disease through the examination of tissue sample obtain through biopsies or autopsies.

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

· It provide a standardized way to describe and locate anatomical structure.

· It include-

a. Directional terms:

• Anterior

• Posterior

• Superior

• Inferior

b. Regional terms:

• It refers to specific parts of the body

c. Posterior terms:

• Proximal

• Distal

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